Petroleum products are at the backbone of may economies all over the world. Due to recent advances in the exploration and processing of naturally occurring reserves, the demand for petroleum has been satisfied considerably. Since demand and supply are rarely concentrated at the same point, the need for a reliable means of crude oil transportation always arises.
From the oil field, the product is delivered via pipelines to the loading terminal for tankers or trains. These bulk movers then deliver it to the pipelines that serve the demand side of the market. Due to the sensitive nature of some end products, it is safer to refine the oil on the consumer side than to ferry them over the open seas.
Pipelines are the ideal means of transporting petroleum because they are located underground away from curios eyes. Most field networks converge at the main collection point where the fluid is measured for consistency before being containerized. The consumer side is fitted with booster pumps at predetermined points to guarantee efficient flow to retail points. A single pipeline may be used to transfer more than one product depending on the schedule used by the controller.
Unfortunately, the majority of the world supply comes from oil rich regions such as the Latin Americas, middle east and north Africa nations. Large volumes of crude are usually shipped to global markets by large oil tankers. Because these vessels hold hundreds of thousands of liters, they are governed by transportation rules applicable to ships that pose spillage risks on the seas.
It is commonplace for major shipping companies to install monitoring mechanisms on their carriers to monitor their location and to avoid catastrophic collisions on the open seas. There also exist specialized ships such as replenishment oilers that can supply moving vessels on the oceans. Nevertheless regulations governing marine transportation must be observed to minimize the risks of pollution through spillage.
As ships are quite expensive to purchase and maintain, many oil exporters will contract shipping companies to ferry their cargo to ready markets. If the agreement is voyage based, the exporter uses the vessels from the source to the destination. Where the agreement lasts for an agreed period of time, the seller must ensure that all his cargo has been delivered before the contract expires. The biggest worry for the ship owner is to maintain his fleet in working conditions as stipulated by the country in which he registers his vessels.
At the loading point, the cargo mover reservoirs are filled with crude oil introduced through the loading manifold. All tanks have a mechanism that periodically links to the atmosphere to regulate the pressure of the fluid being handled. At the offloading points, the onboard pumps move the crude to awaiting reservoirs offshore. Afterwards, the tank may be cleaned in readiness for the handling of the next liquefied commodity to be moved.
After evacuating its cargo, the crude oil transportation reservoirs are cleaned with a suitable solvent in readiness for the next product. Some soluble residues may be cleared with hot water sprayed through nozzles at a high pressure. It is mandatory for tankers to have oil washing systems for this purpose.
From the oil field, the product is delivered via pipelines to the loading terminal for tankers or trains. These bulk movers then deliver it to the pipelines that serve the demand side of the market. Due to the sensitive nature of some end products, it is safer to refine the oil on the consumer side than to ferry them over the open seas.
Pipelines are the ideal means of transporting petroleum because they are located underground away from curios eyes. Most field networks converge at the main collection point where the fluid is measured for consistency before being containerized. The consumer side is fitted with booster pumps at predetermined points to guarantee efficient flow to retail points. A single pipeline may be used to transfer more than one product depending on the schedule used by the controller.
Unfortunately, the majority of the world supply comes from oil rich regions such as the Latin Americas, middle east and north Africa nations. Large volumes of crude are usually shipped to global markets by large oil tankers. Because these vessels hold hundreds of thousands of liters, they are governed by transportation rules applicable to ships that pose spillage risks on the seas.
It is commonplace for major shipping companies to install monitoring mechanisms on their carriers to monitor their location and to avoid catastrophic collisions on the open seas. There also exist specialized ships such as replenishment oilers that can supply moving vessels on the oceans. Nevertheless regulations governing marine transportation must be observed to minimize the risks of pollution through spillage.
As ships are quite expensive to purchase and maintain, many oil exporters will contract shipping companies to ferry their cargo to ready markets. If the agreement is voyage based, the exporter uses the vessels from the source to the destination. Where the agreement lasts for an agreed period of time, the seller must ensure that all his cargo has been delivered before the contract expires. The biggest worry for the ship owner is to maintain his fleet in working conditions as stipulated by the country in which he registers his vessels.
At the loading point, the cargo mover reservoirs are filled with crude oil introduced through the loading manifold. All tanks have a mechanism that periodically links to the atmosphere to regulate the pressure of the fluid being handled. At the offloading points, the onboard pumps move the crude to awaiting reservoirs offshore. Afterwards, the tank may be cleaned in readiness for the handling of the next liquefied commodity to be moved.
After evacuating its cargo, the crude oil transportation reservoirs are cleaned with a suitable solvent in readiness for the next product. Some soluble residues may be cleared with hot water sprayed through nozzles at a high pressure. It is mandatory for tankers to have oil washing systems for this purpose.
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